The Top Sustainability Reporting Standards in 2022
What is Sustainability Reporting?
Governments, companies, investors, and NGOs use sustainability reporting (and reports) to share their performance and impacts on a wide range of sustainability topics, including their environmental footprint, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, materials and resource use, and supply chain sustainability. Sustainability reports are the primary way organizations publicly communicate their environmental risks, opportunities, and practices to stakeholder groups like investors, government regulators, partners, employees, and customers, so each one can make informed decisions.
For anyone working in sustainability, ESG, and, increasingly, corporate finance, sustainability disclosure has become the fastest-growing type of non-financial reporting over the last ten years. 90% of the largest 500 companies by market cap published a sustainability report in 2019, up from 86% in 2018. And many more companies have adopted sustainability reporting in the past few years.
Voluntary GRI Sustainability Reporting Growth (1999-2021)
Last Updated: 2021
Source: GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)
However, unlike traditional financial accounting, sustainability reporting doesn't (yet) operate with the same transparency and consistency. Today there are over 600 different sustainability standards, industry initiatives, frameworks, and guidelines around the world, which can make sustainability reporting a complex, research-heavy, and repetitive process. As a result, most companies select the standards they use for reporting - and, to some extent, how they report performance.
The push for standardization is finally under way among many governments and standards orgs like CDP, CDSB, GRI, IIRC, SASB, and the IFRS Foundation (more on these below) - which will hopefully move the industry closer to universal standards for sustainability reporting.
Selecting Sustainability Reporting Standards
For organizations, selecting which sustainability reporting standards and frameworks to use is an important early step on the path to improving your environmental performance. Generally, it's better to focus on doing a few things well instead of trying to do everything, so we recommend starting with a few established, priority standards. Using established, independent sustainabilty standards can help your organization set goals, establish priorities, measure performance and progress, anticipate risks, and managing change. Increasingly, many companies, including Amazon, Walmart, Nike, Disney, and Target survey their vendors and suppliers for sustainability information about their business. While most of these surveys are voluntary today, we expect legal and corporate policy changes in the future will require them.
Sustainability reporting example from Walmart. Source: Walmart
It's also important to use sustainability standards that are (1) widely used, (2) fit your business, and (3) help constructively guide good priorities, actions, investments, and decision-making.
Top 7 Sustainability Reporting Standards in 2022
For organizations that are new to sustainability reporting - or looking to broaden their ESG metrics, disclosure, and target-setting - we recommend researching and considering the following seven sustainability reporting standards. Each one is globally recognized, widely adopted, thoughtfully-designed, and appears likely to evolve in future versions in a direction consistent with universal reporting standards convergence and international regulatory changes.
EU CSRD
Type: Sustainability
Themes: Sustainability and Environmental Reporting
Number of participants: 50,000+
Required for: EU companies with 500+ employees and/or that are publicly traded
Stakeholder audience: Regulators and other EU stakeholders
The EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is an update to the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) which takes effect in 2023 and broadens mandatory EU sustainability reporting standards for most companies. The goal of CSRD is to make corporate sustainability reporting more common, standards-based, and closer to financial accounting and reporting.
TCFD
Type: Sustainability
Themes: ESG & Climate Financial Risk
Number of participants: ~2,600+ supporting organizations
Best for: Large Companies
Stakeholder audience: Investors
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) guides companies on disclosing climate-related financial risks to investors, lenders, insurers, and other stakeholders. TCFD is primarily a theme or pillar-based recommendations framework, one that is increasingly being used throughout the finance and banking sectors, and championed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), and the Singapore Exchange (SGX).
ISSB (IFRS)
Type: Sustainability
Themes: General Sustainability Accounting, Risks & Opportunities
Number of participants: TBD
Best for: Medium-to-Large Companies
Stakeholder audience: Investors, CFOs and Finance
The IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards were created in 2022 by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) to serve as a global format for sustainability and climate reporting that meets the needs of CFOs and investors. While newer, and still in development, given the IFRS's influence role in financial reporting, these standards should help connect sustainability reporting information with a company's financial statements and accounting.
CDP
Type: Sustainability
Themes: Climate, Supply Chain, Forest, Water
Number of participants: 9,600
Best for: Medium-to-Large Companies
Stakeholder audience: Investors, Supply Chain
CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) manages a global environmental disclosure system used by more than 9,600 companies. Companies disclose by completing any or all of the three CDP questionnaires of climate change, forests, and water security. CDP also includes an optional 4th supply chain reporting module. CDP publishes the scores of reporting companies on its website.
GRI
Type: Sustainability
Themes: General
Number of participants: ~10,000
Best for: Any Type of Organization
Stakeholder audience: All
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) created the first global, third party sustainability and social impact measurement standards in 1997. The newest GRI Standards provide three sets (economic, environmental, and social) of 34 topic-specific standards to help companies report on material ESG issues to their investors and other stakeholders. GRI has no central oversight function – but companies can choose to make their reports available via a database on the GRI website.
SASB (Value Reporting Foundation)
Type: Sustainability
Themes: ESG Financial Risk
Number of participants: ~800
Best for: Large Companies
Stakeholder audience: Investors
The Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) develops and provides non-financial ESG reporting standards that track and communicate ESG performance areas and metrics that are most financially-material to your investors. SASB standards are industry-specific, and available for dozens of different sectors. In 2021 SASB merged with the IIRC (International Integrated Reporting Council) to create the Value Reporting Foundation with the goal of providing an integrated reporting framework to connect sustainability reporting with financial disclosure.
B Corp
Type: Sustainability
Themes: ESG & Climate Financial Risk
Number of participants: >4,000
Best for: Small-to-Medium Companies
Stakeholder audience: All
B Corp is a private certification and set of standards for corporate social and environmental performance. The B Corp framework is most widely adopted by smaller, privately-held companies.
Each of these standards is unique, but generally covers a comprehensive set of sustainability topics and reporting themes. Some like TCFD don't require companies to disclosure specific metrics and KPIs in a dictated format, whereas other frameworks like CDP and B-Corp provide much more detailed, complex, and specific information sharing.
In September 2020, many of the leading standards organizations – CDP, the CDSB (Climate Disclosure Standards Board), GRI, IIRC (International Integrated Reporting Council), and SASB – announced they will be working in the coming years toward a ‘shared vision’ for more harmonized reporting across each one's respective standards (which, as mentioned, already resulted in the integration of SASB and IIRC).
As of early 2022, the European Union (EU) has yet formalized its new Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) requirements. However, we expect these to go into effect by the end of 2022. You can read the current drafts and documentation around the new EU sustainability reporting standards here.
A Few Helpful Recommendations
Your Next Steps With Sustainability Reporting
For organizations in the early stages of their sustainability reporting journey, we have a few general recommendations, additional reading, and suggested next steps:
Materiality assessment - Before picking standards or writing your first report, it’s often beneficial to conduct a “Materiality Assessment” to help determine what your sustainability goals, targets, KPIs, and reporting objectives should be. A materiality assessment is a project which determines and ranks the most material themes for your business based on stakeholder interviews and surveys. For example, a healthcare company might focus on healthcare access, affordability, innovation, and its supply chain. A technology company could focus on data privacy, security, and STEM education access. A bank might designate financial inclusion as its most material theme. Pick and rank the right sustainability themes depending on your organization’s mission, makeup, goals, and ESG maturity.
Sustainability data systems and process - While this might go without saying, in order to report your organization's sustainability performance, you need to know what it is - with a high degree of accuracy. Your materiality process can help guide you toward the main sustainability themes you may need to focus on and collect data around. Is employee travel a big source of your organization's carbon footprint? Facilities? Manufacturing sites? Where does that data exist today, and how will you access or collect it? Many organizations start their sustainability reporting with relatively simple spreadsheets, surveys, and documents, but things can get complex fast - particularly for larger organizations. If you're an organization with a medium-to-large or complex environmental footprint, you likely need dedicated sustainability reporting and data management software, like the kind we design here at Brightest. Ongoing report archiving and governance is also important to think about, since you'll be reporting every year.
Further reading - Our free guides to sustainability measurement and ESG reporting provide additional, detailed guidance and insights on how to measure and report your sustainability performance.
